– shortening of the long now in painting

Benozzo Gozzoli, The Dance of Salome (1461-62)

Edgar Degas, Place de la Concorde (1875)

– Etienne-Jules Marey and the “Méthode Graphique”

The first graph in history by Oresmius (ca. 1350), and graph-producing machines by Etienne-Jules Marey (1866)

– Etienne-Jules Marey and Chronophotography

Chronophotograph by Marey (ca. 1882)

Chronophotograph by Marey (ca. 1885)

– Motion study and the rationalization of work

Chronocyclegraph of bricklaying by Frank Gilbreth (1912)

3D motion models by Frank Gilbreth (1918)

ideal hammer motion by A.K.Gastev (ca. 1926)

– Chronophotography and futurist painting

Giacomo Balla, Ragazza che corre al balcone (1912)

– Philosophical toys and the invention of cinema

Phenakistiscope (ca. 1840)

the Lumière camera (1895)

– a history of scanning

J.L.Baird and an experimental scanning device (ca. 1925)

Zworykin and his vacuum tube (1938)

– Bergson, montage and mental imagery

memory shortcuts by Romberch (ca. 1520)

dialectical montage by Sergei Eisenstein (ca. 1938)

– timeslices and timecubes

time-slice recording by Tim McMillan (1983)

Oskar Fischinger’s wax-slicing machine (1922)

anonymous timecube imagery (2007)

further reading:

• Marta Braun, “Picturing Time, The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey”, University of Chicago Press, 1992.
• Siegfried Zielinsky, “Audiovisions, Cinema and Television as Entr’actes in History”, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 1999.

even further reading:

• Lew Andrews, “Story and Space in Renaissance Art, the Rebirth of Continuous Narrative”, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Laurent Mannoni, “Etienne-Jules Marey, La Mémoire d’Oeil”, Mazotta, Milano, 1999.
• Stephen Kern, “The Culture of Time and Space, 1880 – 1918”, Harvard University Press, 1983.
• Peter Weibel, “Die Beschleunigung der Bilder in der Chronokratie”, Benteli, Bern, 1987.
• Albert Abramson, “The History of Television, 1880 to 1941”, McFarland, Jefferson, 1987.
• Henri Bergson, “L’évolution créatrice”, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1941.
• Oliver Sacks, “In The River of Consciousness“, New York Review of Books, vol 51, nr 1, 2004
• Jörg Jochen Berns, “Film vor dem Film”, Jonas Verlag, Marburg, 2000.
• Tim McMillan’s company TimeSlice films
• Golan Levin’s chronology of ‘slit-scan video’